Protective effect of vitamin E [a tocopherol acetate] on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in adult albino rats

To determine the preventive role of Vitamin E on renal parenchyma after given of gentamicin in adult albino rats. Experimental study. This study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy Baqai Medical University and Muhammad Medical College, Mirpurkhas from June 2011 to November 2011. For this study, 30 adult albino rats were taken. They were divided into three groups ; A, B and C. The animals in group-A given normal saline 10 ml/kg/day intraperitoneal for 2 weeks. Group-B received gentamicin 100 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal for 2 weeks and group-C receives gentamicin 100mg/kg/day intraperitoneal with vitamin-E 2 mg/kg/day orally for 2 weeks. On day 15 all animals were sacrificed with deep ether anesthesia. Their kidneys were removed, fixed in 10% formalin. Representative blocks were taken and embedded in liquid paraffin. For routine histological examination 5 micro m thick section cut by microtome and stained with H and E, PAS and silver methenamine. Renal histology was done under light microscope to see the proximal and distal tubular diameter and count. No significant [P>0.05] changes were observed in the histopathology of kidney tissues of the groups A and C rats. The group B significantly [P<0.001] affected the histopathology of kidney. It may be concluded that gentamicin produces changes in kidney, which may be attributed to ischaemia resulting in tubular necrosis in adult albino rats simultaneous administration of vitamin-E partially protect the morphological and histological changes induced by gentamicin

Efficacy and safety of metformin in over weight and obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of metformin in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Forty-four overweight and obese female patients with diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome were evaluated in an open label study. Patients were assigned metformin SOOmg thrice daily for six months. The primary outcomes were to assess change in the fasting serum insulin level, fasting plasma glucose, insulin sensitivity, weight, BMI, Waist to hip ratio and ultrasonographic features of overweight and obese women. The secondary outcomes were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, menstrual cyclicity and hirsutism. The safety of intervention was assessed by recording the self-reported adverse effects and performing renal and hepatic profiles. The patients were evaluated at monthly intervals. Forty subjects [90.9%] completed the study. At the end of six months, there was a significant effect of the drug on all the clinical parameters. Weight decreased from 85.71 +/- 1.04 to 84.38 +/- 1.02, BMI from 33.2 +/- 0.32 to 32.8 +/- 0.33[p <0.05] and Waist to hip ratio from 0.85 +/- 0.003 to 0.83 +/- 0.002.Ultrasonographic features, systolic and diastolic blood pressure also showed statistically significant improvement. Menstrual cyclicity, hirsutism, and metabolic parameters [serum fasting insulin level, fasting plasma glucose, HOMA index] also showed statistically significant improvement. The drug was well tolerated by the patients. No change was observed in blood urea, ALT and serum creatinine levels. Metformin is a safe and effective drug for the treatment of obese and over weight, women with PCOS

Study to assess the effect of topical clindamycin gel in acne vulgaris

Acne vulgaris is very common and all individuals of either sex suffer from this ailment at adolescent. The areas involved are cheeks, nose fore head, sometimes back also. Number of treatment options are available but clindamycin gel as topical preparation has been found effective. To find the suitability of clindamycin topically used. Study was performed on 40 patients of either sex, age group 14-29 years they were instructed to apply clindamycin topically twice daily up to three months. The results were significant at the end of treatment. The results were discussed with other studies. Clindamycin topical in the form of gel is suitable and effective for treatment of acne

Impetigo contagiosa: therapeutic aspects

In tropical countries pyoderma is a common problem particularly in summer and monsoon. Causative organisms are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogens, Bacillus proteus, pseudomonas and coliform bacilli. Infection of the skin is characterized by discrete thin walled vesicles and bullae which rapidly become pustular then rupture. Impetigo occurs mainly on exposed parts of the body. Lesions occurring on scalp are mostly associated with pediculosis capitis. On rupture of these lesions a thin straw coloured seropurulent discharge is noticed. Sometimes group A beta-haemolyticus infections may follow acute glomerulonephritis. Impetigo occurs most frequently in early childhood. It may simulate different superficial skin conditions like circinate patches of ringworm. It is a common but simple problem, which can be easily cured by topical therapy and if needed systemic antibiotics can be given. Topical corticosteroid ointments should not be used, they worsen the infection

Metoclopramide a drug with versatile therapeutic uses

Metoclopramide a benzamide acts centrally by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the CTZ and peripherally by enhancing the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic nerve endings in the gut. It increases gastric peristalsis while relaxing the pylorus and first part of the duodenum. It has no action on gastric secretions. It is the prokinetic of choice. The drug is effective in diabetic gastroparesis. Metoclopramide is effective and polar drug for many types of vomiting, postoperative, drug induced, disease associated [especially migraine], radiation sickness, it is less effective in motion sickness. It is also effective in vomiting induced by highly emetic anticancer drugs. Female patients who undergo operative procedures develop nausea which can be controlled by metoclopramide. Postoperative nausea and vomiting can be controlled with the drug. It is also effective in drug induced nausea and vomiting. It is also effective in the treatment of migraine. It has also been advised for hyperemesis gravidarum. Regarding use of metoclopramide during pregnancy to determine its use further studies are required. Its adverse effects include extra pyramidal symptoms. Antimuscarinic drugs; benzteropine given I/v can abolish the reaction. Prolonged use in elderly may produce tardive dyskinesia. Metoclopramide induced pseudotetanus has been reported, methemoglobinemia and sulfhemoglobinemia have also been reported. It is effective in nausea and vomiting induced in various conditions, like postoperative, gynaecological procedures, cytotoxic drugs. It is also effective in migraine it is a good prokinetic agent